1. Identify a population you are interested it. Briefly describe them. Pick 2 sampling
strategies that you could use to recruit them into a study. Describe the strengths and
weaknesses for each strategies.
2. Develop a short survey of 3-4 items for your population of interest to answer. Then discuss how you could test the initial psychometric
properties of: content validity, internal reliability, and test-retest reliability.
3. Identify 1 threat to internal validity and 1 threat to external validity. Describe each of
them and discuss how a researcher can reduce them.
4. Needs two new references
My paper:
PICO Question:
When using the “PICO” method, it can help one clarify a clinical question”(Fain,2020).
The mnemonic known as “PICO” specify different aspects of what one may want to
investigate. The “P indicates the patient population, I represents the intervention or issue of interest, C stands for the comparison of interest and lastly O represents, the desired
outcome of interest” (Fain, 2020).
Population of interest
Hospitalized Older Adults.
PICO question
In hospitalized older adults, what is the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing the incidence of delirium?
Pieces of evidence
A systematic review by Chen et al. (2022) investigated the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for
preventing delirium in hospitalized older adults. They identified 37 randomized controlled trials for their analysis. They concluded that non-pharmacological interventions effectively reduced the incidence of delirium, with greater effectiveness when interventions were multifaceted compared to single-faceted interventions.
A meta-analysis by Jung (2022) evaluated the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalized older adults. They identified 20 randomized controlled trials for their
analysis and concluded that non-pharmacological interventions, particularly those that addressed multiple risk factors, effectively reduced the incidence of delirium.
A research study by Deeken et al. (2022) explored the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in preventing delirium in hospitalized older adults. They conducted a randomized
controlled trial and found that a multifaceted intervention, consisting of physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and environmental modification, effectively reduced the incidence of delirium compared to standard care.
Research design
A randomized controlled trial
(RCT) is an appropriate research design to answer the PICO question. In an RCT,
participants would be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. The intervention group would receive non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical
activity, cognitive stimulation, and environmental modification, while the control group
would receive standard care. The primary outcome measure would be the incidence of
delirium, assessed at baseline and various follow-up points. This design would provide
the most substantial evidence for the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in
reducing the incidence of delirium in hospitalized older adults.
Reference
Chen, T. J., Traynor, V., Wang, A. Y., Shih, C. Y., Tu, M. C., Chuang, C. H., … & Chang, H. C. R. (2022). Comparative effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in critically ill adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 104239.
Deeken, F., Sánchez, A., Rapp, M. A., Denkinger, M., Brefka, S., Spank, J., … & PAWEL Study Group. (2022). Outcomes of a delirium prevention program in older persons after elective surgery: a stepped-wedge cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA surgery, 157(2), e216370-e216370.
Jung, D. (2022). Nursing Interventions to Manage Postoperative Delirium: An Integrative Literature Review. Medsurg Nursing, 31(6).
Schiavenato, Martin, and Frances Chu. (2021). “PICO: What It Is and What It Is Not.” Nurse education in practice 56: 103194–103194. Web.